Three Common Mistakes in Writing an Essay

<h1>Three Common Mistakes in Writing an Essay</h1><p>Completing a paper for the necessary school placement test is one of the most significant choices an understudy must make. In this article, we'll talk about three of the most widely recognized slip-ups made by understudies in their expositions. The three significant errors include not imparting your thoughts obviously, not clarifying why you are composing, and not appropriately inquiring about applicable information.</p><p></p><p>First, how about we address how to compose a paper. All exposition authors realize that there are three 'rules' of article composing: utilize an unmistakable voice, give a reason to your paper, and incorporate satisfactory references. The initial two are straightforward rules that ought to be applied in the event that you have a decent comprehension of what to compose. Be that as it may, the last rule, 'do your exploration,' is maybe the most significant component in the composing process.</p><p></p><p>In my experience, I have discovered that numerous understudies won't have any significant bearing their examination aptitudes except if it is coordinated towards a particular individual or gathering of individuals. This can prompt an assortment of issues in your article. You could without much of a stretch go through the entire day expounding on the understudies you abhor and simply overlook the subject you need to expound on. Rather, invest the energy looking into the subject you need to cover and you will think that its a lot simpler to compose about.</p><p></p><p>Another botch that understudies make when composing is that they need more adequate research. There are endless sites and books on the web, and you can generally counsel a book or paper or go to a talk or course. In any case, in the event that you are as of now knowledgeable in the subject of your paper, you may think about putting the time in further research to add profundity to your article. For instance, on the off chance that you definitely think about what your understudies' adoration in the subject of English Literature, rather than going through the day perusing books on the point, why not invest the energy inquiring about in the library?</p><p></p><p>Finally, we should talk about the most well-known mix-up that understudies make when composing their articles - just expounding on what they like and not doing what's necessary research. In all actuality there is nobody approach to compose an exposition. Most journalists imagine that they need to experience an agenda to compose their ideal exposition. This isn't the situation at all.</p><p></p><p>Remember that composing is an imaginative movement. A large portion of the best articles originate from a person who has an imaginative brain. Authors who are acceptable at communicating, who put in the additional effo rt important to do research, and who are gifted at using their own words are definitely more fruitful at composing than essayists who abhor the specialty. Understudies who loath the art of composing may think that its hard to expound on something they don't care for. Furthermore, composing is genuinely an innovative demonstration, so this can turn out to be very frustrating.</p><p></p><p>Writing is a deep rooted learning experience, and I trust this article helped you discover how to turn into an incredible author. Simply recollect that the over three blunders are the most well-known, however there are numerous different mistakes understudies make that will diminish their composition. For instance, understudies who depend too vigorously on PowerPoint introductions or word handling projects may wind up dismissing the purpose of the article. An incredible article expects you to think in an assortment of ways and compose at the most elevated level possible.</ p>

Writing Good Papers in Paper Writing Research

<h1>Writing Good Papers in Paper Writing Research</h1><p>When you start paper composing research, make certain to invest energy being imaginative and creative. Since there are a great many proposals accessible for word-building tips, you can generally discover one that accommodates your style and character. There are numerous extraordinary sources to find support with your exploration, including books, articles, sites, online gatherings, individual websites, web-based social networking destinations, online talk gatherings, online diaries, pamphlets, or some other way you like. On the off chance that you like to have an expert author, you can ask a coach or educator to help you with the paper.</p><p></p><p>Paper composing research is a wide zone of study with such huge numbers of various approaches to introduce thoughts in papers. As well as can be expected be made by joining very much idea out thoughts with tender loving care and immaculate s entence structure. Numerous understudies will get some knowledge from taking this kind of paper to class or for unique projects.</p><p></p><p>To complete research papers, scientists need to apply the accompanying advances: Reading books, articles, and different sources that contain data and thoughts that they may need to know. Introducing what they have figured out how to other people who can utilize it to improve their own exploration. By sharing their insight and experience, perusers can turn out to be better educated. Building connections and word records that have a more profound comprehension of the topic.</p><p></p><p>By following these means, you will start to build up your exploration procedures. Pose inquiries that you need replied, and monitor what you read and what different analysts have achieved before. What's more, you should begin a diary to record your considerations and thoughts. These exercises will assist you with ce ntering your paper composing and give you thoughts on the best way to improve your own research.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous spots to discover quality research papers. Some accompany a list of chapters and may contain all you have to compose a decent article. Others are increasingly specialized in nature, yet at any rate you'll realize where to begin. Internet perusing is likewise a superb method to improve your examination aptitudes. There are numerous distributions and diaries you can look into online that will be exceptionally helpful in your paper composing efforts.</p><p></p><p>Research composing research papers are troublesome undertakings, and just the most ingenious and skilled creators will succeed. At the point when you do set aside the effort to compose a decent paper, you'll have improved the nature of your own composition, making it simpler for others to compose better papers. What's more, you will stand apart among yo ur companions when you make a paper that is mindful and proficient. This will make you increasingly appealing to potential employers.</p><p></p><p>Good explore requires order, imagination, and loads of time. You might be shocked to discover the amount of every it takes to compose a decent research paper. With some commitment and difficult work, you will build up your own style and guarantee that your exploration gives helpful data to everybody involved.</p>

Development of human resource management strategy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2148 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Human Resource management is term that basically describes the individuals in shape of group or labor force working in an organization. Human resource management deals with the advertisement of job for Organizations, hiring of right person for right job at right time. Human resource management is mainly responsible for all the strategy making and policies regarding organizational objectives and goals. What is human resource management? According to Amstrong, M. (2006) Human Resource Management is defined as a strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organizations most valued assets the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of its objectives. Storey (1989), cited by (Armstrong M. 2006) A set of interrelated policies with an ideology and philosophical underpinning. Storey (1989) suggested that is the real mixture of Human Resource Management: A particular constellation of beliefs and assumptions. A strategic trust and informing decisions about people management. The central involvement of line managers, and Reliance upon a set of levers to shape the employment ship. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Development of human resource management strategy" essay for you Create order Human Resource System: Human Resource Management walks along with Human Resource System that combines in following way: HR Philosophy: it talks about values and guiding principles that are linked in the range of Human Resource Management. HR Strategies: it defines the directions of Human Resource Management. HR Policies: it describes how philosophy and strategies, value and principles would be applied in the scope of Human Resource Management. HR Process: it shows the formal processes and ways that how to adopt and implement HR Strategic plan and policies. HR Practices: it includes casual approaches to deals in the scope of Human Resource Management. HR Program: this program enables all philosophies, policies, procedures, strategies and practices to get into practical form according to action plan (Armstrong M. 2006). Developing a HRM strategy: HRM strategy is made for the organizational objectives to deals with the coherent approach of management of people in the organizations. It is same like other strategies that are made for marketing, finance, and similarly there is a strategy for human resource management. In the process of developing strategies for human resource management one of the critical point should keep in mind (Mumford. A, Gold. J, 2004). In the HR strategy it must be keep in mind that kind of business are you running and what kind of people of staff you want to manage your business, and most importantly what are your strategic business goals and objective. What programs, action plans and staff should be structure and implemented to encourage the workforce to meet the strategic objectives effectively (Mumford. A, Gold. J, 2004). In order to answer these questions four key points of an organization must be addressed. These are: Culture: to make a dynamic strategy of HRM then there must be an eye on the organizational culture and trends, traditions and norms, belief and aim and way of management towards its operations. Organizations: there must be standard for running an organization, which includes; what is the structure of the organizations (tall or flat), what is the Job role and Job description, what is hierarchy of the organizations (squeezed or spread). People: one very basic point regarding people and staff of the organizations is very important to define what are required skills, what is the capability of management, what technical skills are required to run the organization effectively. Human Resource Systems: last but not least, there must be a check on the defined system for diver the value to the organization. There are different systems been used by organizations; hiring and selection of Human resource, methods and modes of communication (e-mail or memos), what are the different tools and techniques are been in used to train and develop the labor fo rce. In the process of HR strategy development, sometimes it happens that high management or commander over look some valid and important dimensions of the business strategy while making the main objective. There should be bare balance in between the minor and major objective. Then these companies reengineer their organizations to free managers to have more business oriented but they have some loopholes in the training and reward system. Often, it come into notice that when the higher management or the ownership of the organization does not encourage the manager then they are look confused about the functions of the organization, at one time one are can be under consideration but strategic plan creates and develops a positive relationship in all the areas and dimensions to have a positive outcomes. If you want that your organization ponder on quality service, quality products then you must look into the review the structure, rewards and appraisal system, communication system betw een higher management and subordinates plus peer to peer healthy talks and relationships. Salary and reward system always have influence on the productivity of the organization. Usually it happens that mostly organizations are paying its labor force in comparison with the volume of output produced but if you want that your organization have stress on quality products then there must be little relax salary and reward system, this ultimately encourages labor force, otherwise it will create a negative impression on staff about the contradiction of saying about quality and motivate to staff. Process of developing HRM strategy: Authors have defined different steps to make a Human Resource Management strategy. These different steps correlate with each other. Look the broader picture. Statement of intent, creations of Mission and Vision. Draw external business environmental analysis, (SWOT, PESTEL) Detailed Human Resource Analysis Identification of critical issues Back-up Plan Implementation of Action Plan Look the broader picture. To have a better understanding, look in to the broader picture of your organization. Following point should keep into mind: Clarifications and identification of key elements of the business which have direct or indirect influence on organizations business. These key elements can be service delivery system, competitors of organization, local and international markets, technology and inventions, distribution of products. What is the empirical importance of above mentioned key forces in the organizational and outside the organization? And importantly what is contribution of these elements in your operation of organization. Statement of intent, creations of Mission and Vision. It is mandatory to development following: Development of statement of intent, to shows what are the capabilities your organization have. Develop mission statement that shows the undertaken operations by your organization. Develop vision of your organization, which what will be your organization after 5 or 10 years, and what are the future prospects. Notice: in the development of these up mention statement, these statements should be realistic and dont not put fake ideas in to it. It will give a bad impression to the readers and customers. Add that what you people is going to add in this. Draw external business environmental analysis, (SWOT, PESTEL) Organization must conduct environmental analysis that shows the internal and external strengths and weakness, and make improvements to overcome these weaknesses, political, social, legal aspects as well. They must use current skill, and capabilities. They must do external research and look what are the opportunities they would have in future and what are the threats they are going to face in future. This SWOT will defiantly add to the performance of the organization. Detailed Human Resource Analysis They must do the details analysis of human resource management to see the culture, people and the HR strategies. Must look into what you are at this time and what you want to be in future as organization. Identification of critical issues Look into the initials on the organization from where you start; either you strategies are matching with your SWOT and PESTLE analysis. Indentify the critical issues associated with the organization. Indentify what are the failures and the reasons behind it. Always make sure that where you want to go as organization, keep eye on your goals and objectives. Back-up Plan Always try for bad time, and get ready got the back up plans and action plans. Dont stick to assumptions, try to indentify where the problem is and think about the consequences of it. Indentify what are the implications for the business HR department have with it. Take out the broad objectives of the organization out, these can be figure out as employee training and developments, reward systems, recruitment process, communication modes, development of organization and management. Implementation of Action Plan The sole purpose of developing HR strategy is that all the objectives are set in an effective form and these objectives are achievable, and all these objectives are integrated. Intellectual capital and knowledge management: The terms refers to the all resources of any organizations have with it. They have competitive advantage of these intellectual property rights. According to Nermien Al-Ali, N. (2003) Intellectual Capital of an organization such intangible resources and assets that an organization can be use to create value by converting into new processes, products and services. Knowledge Management (KM)Â Knowledge management is set of different strategies and rules implemented in the organization to point out development, creation and distribution of thoughtful experiences. These thoughts and experiences enable the organization to implant towards its technical and soft skills labor (Wikipedia). According to Awad Ghaziri, H. (2007) Knowledge Management is newly, interdisciplinary business model that has knowledge within the frame work of an organization and it focus. It is rooted in many disciplines, including business, economics, and psychology and information management. Intellectual capital (IC) In the technology and knowledge base organization, Intellectual capital is key force in innovation and discoveries of new product and services. Here, knowledge management supports the intellectual capital as it works as the fundamental activity in encouraging the innovations and different dimensions. It can be say that knowledge management system and Intellectual capital have close links to support the organization in this technological world. Its gives not only growth to the organization but also ensures that organization is producing quality products and services. Source : www.emeraldinsight.com/0025-1747.htm Strategies for management development: According to Lee (1992) cited by Alan Mumford, Jeffrey Gold (2004) the entire system of corporate activities with the espoused goal of improving the managerial stock in the context of organizational and environmental change. This definition tells the number of objectives: This is a powerful device that reengineers the organizational structure. This tool gives cost reduction but gives quality and profitability. It contributes to the development of a learning organization. It also assists in self development. Management developments ensure some benefits to the organization, that includes; This always adds to the performance of the organization. The performance can be gauge from the terms of agriculture; agriculture is way of repeating the view of some organization that we need to grow our own managers. It uses to say that if management development has purpose in the organization then this has a link with organizational strategy. Every organizations responds to global influences and environmental changes like; globalization, technological change and customer demands, here Management Development plays a role as strategic tool to the implementation of strategy development and consequently improves business and organization externally. . Figure Sustaining Model of Development (Mumford. A, Gold. J, 2004) Managers need to come up with the new role and skills to become productive. Management Developments provides the sustain opportunity to organizations to have winning positions. Sustaining model defines some points here which are: Strategy is sets of outcomes to gauge the changes occurred in the environment. Strategy provides guidance on the requirement to the managers; new skills and performance and productivity. Management development policies define that requirement to provide management developments activities. The outcomes of developments being assessed and management provides feedback to organizational strategy. There are various reasons to form a Management Development strategy, which includes: Some time it happens that there is some change in technology that changes job and work design and organizational structure. Management development strategy can be form under some mergers and acq uisitions. This strategy also forms when they are market development or come up with new services. It also helps in identifying weakness and poor performance. Employee Partnerships: There are Five Partnership Principles model. The following principles form the satisfaction axis of the model: Systems and Leadership: this is important to give job security, input on decisions, recognition, communication and information, fairwaters in employee partnership. Resources: in the employee partnership it must be including physical environment, equipment, staffing. Teamwork: including respect and coordination are part of principles. Direct management: in the employee partnership model feedback, coaching, trust, communication, recognition is important to look forward. Engagement: Job engagement: it is mandatory fulfillment from the work performed, use of skills, and feeling of accomplishment by performing the jobs. Work engagement: participating in a work group that shares attentiveness to quality and customer needs, to enhance the productivity, sense of connection. Organizational engagement: as evidenced by a willingness to stay with a facility and recommend it to others, along with pride in the organization and alignment with its values (press ganey, 2010).

Research Topics For Research Paper

<h1>Research Topics For Research Paper</h1><p>Research themes for examine paper are the significant part of making a decent and extensive paper. It isn't sufficient to know the real factors yet it is additionally important to have the option to create the data in a brief and exhaustive manner.</p><p></p><p>A significant piece of the fundamental research ought to incorporate realities about each subject or sub-subject that you are managing. Regardless of whether it is about the historical backdrop of a specific nation, state or a foundation in a specific school. Obviously this expects time to arrange the realities and afterward place them in a right sequential order.</p><p></p><p>Make sure you fuse all the parts of the subject of your paper. This will assist you with keeping away from data duplication which will decrease the odds of winning great grades.</p><p></p><p>The paper by and large ought to be all around organized, so it streams pleasantly starting with one point then onto the next. In addition, ensure you pick a fitting examination subject for look into paper. A decent tip to follow is that you should choose a point that is increasingly pertinent to the examination of your school. In the event that your school is as of now had practical experience in a specific field of study, at that point the theme that you decide for your exploration paper ought to be progressively identified with that.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous subjects that can be utilized as the subject of your examination paper. These may incorporate such subjects as the historical backdrop of geology, the historical backdrop of science and the historical backdrop of theory. In any case, on the off chance that you will probably get passing marks in your investigations, at that point you should pick themes that will fulfill the necessities of your school and of the national exams .</p><p></p><p>When you intend to compose an exploration paper on some intriguing realities about a specific nation, you can generally look into some fascinating realities about it on the web. Along these lines, you won't just get some fundamental realities about the nation yet in addition increasing some fascinating data about the nation itself. It is essential to incorporate both the realities and the data about the country.</p><p></p><p>A fundamental piece of the paper must arrangement with the connection between different occasions and individuals. It ought to be noticed that investigating these realities and the realities about the nation is significant. Accordingly, it is important to state in your examination paper what the explanation is for this information.</p><p></p><p>Therefore, one of the most significant things that you have to observe is the style that you ought to receive when composing your expl oration paper. Numerous understudies commit an error of depending entirely on realities, while neglecting to compose a legitimate style of composing. Henceforth, it is consistently fitting to write in a formal and smooth manner.</p>

The Best Tip For Writing a College Essay Using a Common App Word Limit

<h1>The Best Tip For Writing a College Essay Using a Common App Word Limit</h1><p>I'd prefer to acquaint with you the best tip I have for you in case you're endeavoring to compose a school exposition utilizing a typical application school article word limit. Composing a superior school article can be a test, yet with a little assurance, an assurance will come a lot simpler and your exertion will pay off in higher grades.</p><p></p><p>The initial step that ought to be taken when endeavoring to compose a school exposition utilizing a typical application school paper word limit is to take a gander at your present word check. On the off chance that you have an excessive amount of content that is free streaming, at that point your substance may not be appropriately sorted out and you won't have the option to proficiently locate the fitting words to raise in your passage. Your article could have an excessive number of parts that would make it hard to locate the best possible words.</p><p></p><p>When you locate the correct words to start your primary point, at that point you should characterize the subject. At the end of the day, you should know the general motivation behind your exposition and this will help in choosing how much data you have to include.</p><p></p><p>Your following stage is to make sense of what your most significant thing to remember for your paper. You need to locate a short sentence or two to use as your title. It's essential to compose your title text such that will grab the eye of your peruser, thus you need to incorporate something that will get their attention.</p><p></p><p>Finally, you need to incorporate one point that will lead into the remainder of your article. This is frequently alluded to as a snare. Your snare can be something straightforward such as:</p><p></p><p>With this one basic hint, you will b e headed to composing an extraordinary school paper with an application word limit. As I would see it, without this basic hint, you will regularly wind up with a paper that is difficult to peruse and that doesn't land the position done.</p><p></p><p>So in the event that you have a long school year in front of you, at that point you have to subscribe to figuring out how to compose a decent school exposition utilizing a typical application word limit. With my strategy, you can compose your school paper in under about a month and a half and you will appreciate the procedure that you have used to effectively compose your own school essay.</p>

Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on Socialism Essay Topics

<h1> Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on Socialism Essay Topics </h1> <h2>Getting the Best Socialism Essay Topics </h2> <p>When you are done with your exposition, you should not only check it for spelling and syntactic mistakes, however all things considered, it additionally must be checked for legitimate deceptions. By survey this rundown, you will discover different proposals for your article themes thoughts. On the off chance that you get the chance to choose your own theme, that is acceptable. Every theme inside this class speaks to a questionable issue and in this manner is an incredible alternative in the event that you are scanning for pugnacious or powerful article points. </p> <p>You will find an assortment of pugnacious article subjects however picking the ideal one may be the essential and the absolute initial step to create a compelling exposition. The points you'll discover here require an uncommon methodology as you endeavor to deliver valuable and precise substance. While you're simply starting to create papers, you shouldn't battle endeavoring to create something to examine. There are a few stages which you should take to have the option to compose an outstanding paper. </p> <p>Selecting the right subject can assist you with guaranteeing a tranquil methods for article composing. Beside these 3 segments, there's another vital component which is known as a theory articulation. How a perfectly clear theory proclamation is fundamental. Proposal Statement Thesis articulation holds a lot of significance in any kind of paper composing. </p> <p>Expository composing requests an exposition author to give clarification on the article point accessible. Without these 3 essential segments, your exposition will be viewed as inadequate. Proficient paper authors at 5staressays can support you, in the occasion you're searching for masters to control you. Peruse more regarding the matter of the motivations to get articles from ProfEssays.com. </p> <p>The dominant part of them accept that some administration pressure is basic since certain people must be compelled to be productive members of society. Some communist accept that legislature should venture to such an extreme as to cover training and Medicare. Communism is seen as a productive sort of government. The result of overpopulated jails. </p> <p>There were various sorts of communism as it developed over late years. Communism and the manner in which it can take care of business. Communism is every so often identified with Keynesian interest the exe cutives endeavors to excite the economy in the midst of droop. Marx's communism was exposed to looking through analysis as of late. </p> <p>Therefore, the most intense voices are the sole ones everybody can hear, and they're the ones selling the entirety of the madness. It is conceivable to rehash your contention, which is a fairly basic practice among writers. Prior to beginning, you should gather all the necessary evidence to back up your contentions. </p> <p>As an approach to completely and effectively present the contention, there are a lot of terms that ought to be characterized. At that point right now is an ideal opportunity for the end. The essentialness of a sun based obscuration. </p> <p>Some of the great characteristics of private enterprise incorporate monetary opportunity that overflows to transform into political opportunity at whatever point the method of creation and value assurance is in the administration's hand, it gives the legislature a decent arrangement of intensity that causes the organization which might be clear in various segments of life moreover. Different thoughts may remember the fabulous discussions for states endeavoring to include betting to raise the entrance to employments, or in the occasion the present monetary conditions have changed the qualities in the US. Any negative issues that emerge from the blend of human instinct and rivalry are basically a little cost to cover the monstro us open doors gave by the PC framework. Once allotting work and making work thoughts there are bunches of viewpoints to be thought of. </p> <p>As an undergrad, you need to offer yourself the chance to encounter all thoroughly analyze paper thoughts. You may decide to assess the manner in which the ongoing issues in your town are being impacted by social modifications, including the interest for prevalent training is affecting the discussion for all-year school, school and college. The social issues examine papers may show up simple to write in examination with various subjects, yet at the same time it requests an amazingly imaginative technique, a gigantic amount of interest and capacity to think past the case and search information in flighty sources. The real cost of school reading material. </p> <p>It's conceivable to use Edusson for help and to guarantee that you achieve an extraordinary evaluation for your paper. You may present your postulation proclamation and that which you're looking to accomplish in your paper. It very well may be difficult to think about a point off the pinnacle of your head. With the guide of our tips for composing and our fascinating assortment of subjects, you're ensured to get a high evaluation! </p>

Environmental Psychology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6175 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1. Place theory Place is used as a manner of examining the environment and breaking the environment down into conceptual components. It is difficult to examine space and environment as they are too general. To understand the concept of environmental psychology, one would firstly have to establish the meaning of place theory as peoples interaction with their physical environment is a principal in environmental psychology. The place theory has three aspects that are interlinked with each other (see figure 1). These three aspects are physical attributes, conceptions and human activities. According to Canter (1997) a place is a state of harmony created by the dialogue between human activities, conceptions and the physical attributes of the environment viewed from a historical perspective. However, Castello (2006) states that place is a unit where human experiences and physical form are fused together, creating a unitary context. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Environmental Psychology" essay for you Create order The physical attributes of the place theory demonstrates the surroundings or environment in which a person finds himself, such as a bedroom, an office etc. A geographer, Edward Relph (1976), has a similar notion of place but replaced Canters (1997) aspect of conceptions with experiences. Thus, allowing more information to be gathered about the place as experiences are a result of an individuals history and everyday life. The types of human activities and the way in which it is carried out are contingent on factors such as knowledge, cultural background, values, as well as formal and informal controls (Ndubisi, 2002). As a result, the place theory suggests that places are viewed as holistic units of activities, physical form and meaning shaped by the goals and purposes of individuals. The place theory also works in concurrence with place identity and place attachment. Many researchers explore this dynamic relationship between people and place. Place identity and place attachment are concepts that demonstrate the significant relations between a person and place. Moreover, when individuals interact with their environment, they create bonds and links and their environment develops meaning. 1.1 Place identity There are many factors that shape human identity, and identity is (among other things) a product of the psychical environment (Hauge, 2007). Dixon and Durrheim (2000) state that a key moment in environmental psychologys critique of a disembodied notion of identity was the publication of Proshansky, Fabian, and Kaminoffs paper on place identity. Place identity, according to Proshansky (1987), can be defined as: a sub-structure of the self-identity of the person consisting of broadly conceived cognitions about the physical world in which individuals live. Pretty et al (2003) state that place identity is a cognitive structure which contributes to global self-categorisation and social identity processes. According to Knez (2005): Breakwell (1986, 1992, 1993), Twigger-Ross and Uzzell (1996), Twigger-Ross et al (2003), and Vignoles (2000) has suggested four processes related to place identity: place-related distinctiveness (e.g. I am a South African) place-referent continuity (e.g. I am living there because it reminds me of my past) place-related self-esteem (e.g. I am proud to live in this town) place-related self-efficacy (e.g. The town satisfies my needs and wants) Consequently, these processes encourage our self-esteem and identity as individuals. Hence the questions of who we are are often intimately related to questions of where we are (Dixon Durrheim 2000; Pretty et al 2003). The places people belong to does not just encourage their self-esteem but also their environmental preferences, and how they see themselves. Place identity could also lead to place attachment because when an individual identifies himself with the environment, individuals tend to feel attached to the same environment. 1.2 Place attachment Every single one of us has developed an unconscious bond towards some place over a period of time. It is suggested by Inalhan and Finch (2004) that the concept of place attachment is complex and multi-faceted, as place attachment has been studied by scholars from several disciplines such as; anthropology, architecture, family and consumer studies, folklore, gerontology, landscape architecture, psychology and urban planning. Place attachment can vary from place to place and can change easily depending on the degree of belonging of the person (Knez 2005). Thus, the degree of attachment a person has towards a place may determine the perceptions and satisfaction of the person in the specific place. Our attachment to a place grows with length of time living in a place and age, but mostly through positive interaction with a community. According to Milligan (1998) place attachment could be defined as: place attachment occurs when a particular interaction was accompanied by significant meaning However place attachment, according to Knez (2005), can be defined as: the affective positive bond between a person and a place; more specifically, a strong tendency of that person to maintain closeness to such a place. Many studies and researchers show that there is no single accepted definition of place attachment. The definition offered by Milligan (1998) serves a better purpose for this study. From this definition it is clear that place attachment is an emotional bond formed by an individual to a physical setting due to the meaning given to the location through processes of person-environment interactions (Casakin Kreitler, 2008). According to Halpenny (2005), one of the factors that could play a role in the formation of place attachment is satisfaction with a place. Moreover, if individuals are satisfied with their environments they tend to protect that place more and return to it. Payton (2003) and Warzecha et al (2000) state that place attachment has two main concepts that have been prevalent in literature: functional place attachment and emotional place attachment. Functional place attachment refers to the functionality or the ability of the resources to meet the needs or goals of individuals. Furthermore, functional place attachment is also closely linked to the kind of activities users pursue. This is because some activities are more complex and require specific aspects while other activities are more general. Shumaker and Taylor (1983) suggest that functional attachment is also referred to as place dependence. The concept is affected by two factors (Shumaker Taylor, 1983): The quality of place is determined by the individuals satisfaction and, The quality of the place depends on how it compares to other available places. Emotional place attachment refers to the emotional attributes of a person-place relationship and how place contributes to an individuals identity. Shumaker and Taylor (1983) declare that emotional attachment is also referred to as symbolic attachment. Moreover, emotional place attachment can be based on emotional ties to a specific place and is formed over a certain period through many encounters with the environment. According to Warzecha et al (2000), emotional place attachment may also be expressed as an identity with a symbolic meaning or idea. Place theory and all its aspects mentioned above form a fundamental starting point for any study in environmental psychology. 2. Introduction to Environmental psychology There are numerous people who do not know what environmental psychology is and what it consists of. Traditionally, environmental psychology has focused on the interrelationship between environments and human behaviour (De Young, 1999; Garling Golledge, 1993). According to Gifford (1997) individuals change the environment and their behaviour and experiences are changed by the environment. Furthermore, each individuals behaviour and experience is unique and differs from the person standing next to him/her in the same environment. These environments could be natural environments, social settings, built environments, learning environments and informational environments (Veith Arkkelin, 1995). Environmental psychology also consists of environmental psychological-processes in terms of a clear social-psychological perspective (Bonnes, 2003). These processes are individual processes such as perception, cognition and personality, and social processes such as territoriality, personal space, crowding and privacy. In addition, environmental psychology has continual elements that help to define this relatively unknown field. According to Garling and Golledge (1993), Kaplan and Kaplan (1982) these elements are: Attention Understanding an individuals behaviour begins with understanding how he/she notices and perceives the environment. This includes two types of stimuli: those that unwillingly, even distractingly, demand human notice, as well as those places, things or ideas to which humans must willingly, and with endeavour direct their awareness. Re-establishing and enhancing the individuals competence to willingly express his/her attention is a major factor in maintaining human effectiveness in an environment. Perception and cognitive maps How people perceive the natural and built environment has been an important aspect of environmental psychology. Information is memorised in the brain as spatial networks which is known a cognitive maps. This information links experiences with an individuals perception of current actions, ideas and emotions. It is through these spatial networks that individuals recognize and perceive the environment, plan and conduct these plans. Ideal environments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" People have a tendency to look for places where they feel self-assured and competent, where they can familiarise themselves with the environment whilst also being engaged with it. Research has extended the concept of environmental psychology to embrace unity (a sense that things in the environment work together) and legibility (the assumption that an individual can walk around in an environment without being lost) as contributors to environmental understanding. To investigate an environment and to engage in it requires that the environment has complexity (that it has enough information and diversity to make it worth learning about) and mystery (the expectation of acquiring more information about an environment). Maintaining, re-establishing and developing an ideal environment enhances an individuals sense of well being and behavioural effectiveness in a person. Environmental stress and managing Research has recognized various behavioural and cognitive results including poor physical health, reduced selflessness and weaknesses, as well as paying no attention to the environment. Individuals can adjust their physical or social surroundings to create a more supportive environment (e.g. smaller scaled settings, territories, privacy, personal space) where they can supervise the course of information or stress inducing stimuli. Individuals can also seek to understand or make sense of circumstances as a way to resolve its stressful effects, often sharing these interpretations with other individuals as a part of their culture. Involvement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Environmental psychology is dedicated to improve an individuals participation in environmental design. It is focused not only on promoting an individuals understanding of environmental issues but on ensuring their early and actual participation in the design, adjustment and organisation of environments. Protective behaviour à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Environmental psychology has also played a key role in conveying psychological awareness to abide by the matter of developing an ecologically protracting society. The field also investigates environmental attitudes, perceptions and principles as well as planned involvement techniques for promoting environmentally appropriate behaviour. These continual elements form an essential part in an individuals perception of their environment as well as what to expect in that environment. Gifford (1997) states that environmental psychology is also studied at three levels of analysis. The first level of analysis sorts and arranges each individuals occurrence of the environment according to perceptions, cognition and personality. The next level of analysis is the collective organisation of space, which consists of four aspects namely; personal space, territory, crowding and privacy. The last level of analysis is the physical settings in which individuals find themselves every day. 2.1 Level of analysis 2.1.1 Perceptions, cognition and personality As previously mentioned, individuals form certain perceptions of their environment and surroundings. According to Veith and Arkkelin (1995), perception is one of the most basic and fundamental psychological processes in which humans engage. In addition Veitch and Arkkelin (1995) also state that perceptions are highly cognitive, which means that all environments carry a set of meanings acquired through their specific attributes. Consequently, these meanings are established from the environment by the perceiver with reference to his or her personal beliefs, values and attitudes. Furthermore, Bechtel et al (2002) point out that the forming of perceptions of a physical setting is associated with a molecular approach to the spatial-physical environment. This means that it places specific attention on the discrete sensory-perceptual features of the environment. According to Bell et al (2005) the term sensory-perceptions has been applied to relatively straightforward activity of human senso ry systems in reacting to a simple stimuli and forming a perception of the particular environment. According to Bonnes et al (1995) the term environmental perception is also often used interchangeably with environmental image, mental map and cognitive map. However, according to Bell et al (2005) cognitive maps refer to a mental framework that holds some representation for the spatial arrangement of the physical environment. Furthermore, Salmi (2002) states that wayfinding and cognitive mapping are inseparable, and most humans carry many cognitive maps in their heads. Therefore, cognitive maps assist individuals with another aspect of environmental psychology namely; wayfinding. Wayfinding according to Prestopnik and Roskos-Ewoldsen (2000) can be defined as the ability to navigate successfully through the environment. However, wayfinding according to Passini (1984) can be defined as the ability to identify ones location and arrive at destinations in the environment, both cognitively and behaviourally. Prestopnik and Roskos-Ewoldsen (2000) suggests that wayfinding can not be predicted in humans as different factors; internal and external, come into play. Internal factors include aspects of each individual, such as, gender, familiarity with the environment and the types of strategies the person uses to navigate through the environment (HÃÆ' ¶lscher et al 2006 and Spiers Maguire 2008). External factors include aspects of the physical setting, such as, the density of the built environment, the availability of meaningful landmarks, and the pattern of the streets and intersections as well as staffed information booths (Salmi 2002). HÃÆ' ¶lscher et al (2006; 2009) identified three wayfinding strategies that are used to support route choice decisions in three dimensional multi-level buildings. Firstly, the central point strategy as sticking oneself, as much as possible, to main hallways and main places in the building, especially if the individual is unfamiliar with the building. Secondly, the direction strategy of deciding on routes that leads towards the horizontal position of the goal as directly as possible, irrespective of changes in different levels. Thirdly, the hierarchically organised navigation plan strategy. This strategy is based on cognitively sectioning the building into areas which guide navigation decisions. However, Spiers and Maguire (2008) identified their own wayfinding strategies that assist individuals with their wayfinding experience. Least-angle strategy suggests that paths are chosen that minimise deviation from the angle pointing directly to the goal. Fine-to-coarse strategy proposes that routes are planned in fine detail in the currently occupied region, but only coarsely when planning navigation between regions. Least-decision-load strategy implies that individuals will often choose the path with the least number of possible decision points. As stated above, environmental psychology and the physical environment are influenced through wayfinding in a building, cognitive maps as well as perceptions of the environment. Another aspect that influences environmental psychology is personality of an individual. Gifford (1997) pointed out that there are five reasons why personality is an important part in environmental psychology. These five reasons are: Personality is strongly linked to the physical environment; Information of a persons personality helps us to comprehend and foretell environmentally relevant behaviour; Individuals have dispositions that are particularly related to person-environment transactions; Personal dispositions are an essential aspect to one of environmental psychologys most important concepts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" environmental compatibility; The notion of personality can be applied to places instead of people. Bonnes et al (1995) agree with Gifford (1997) on the third reason. They suggest that personality and the environment are related to the disposition of individuals. 2.1.2 Collective organisation of space Spatial organisation or organisation of space is considered the first major component in wayfinding design because it not only defines the wayfinding problems of future users, but also affects the ease or difficulty users will experience in comprehending and cognitively mapping the setting (Passini, 1984). According to Prestopnik and Roskos-Ewoldsen (2000) spatial orientation tasks are influenced by the familiarity of the environment. Furthermore, Iachini et al (2009) state that unfamiliar participants learn the environment through a map, whereas familiar participants rely on their long term experiences with the environment. According to Salmi (2002) there are key points to look out for in organisation of space. These points include: Architectural features in the building define different areas such as hallways, staircases etc. which assist the user with orientation in the building and increase the cognitive experience; Make sure that large-scale buildings have destination zones, such as an atrium, since it would assist the user to retrace his/her own path; Establish spatial overview opportunities so that a visitor can visualise a buildings design from different vantage points as it helps individuals to build a improved cognitive map; Consider the design of the building as a whole, the layout should not be confusing or allow visitors to get lost easily. 2.1.3 Physical settings According to Salmi (2002) physical settings must accommodate an increasingly, diverse population as it is critical that the setting be designed to be as inclusive and universally accessible as possible, addressing the requirements of a wide range of physical, sensory and cognitive abilities and needs. Veitch and Arkkelin (1995) state that any number of behaviours can occur within any physical setting. Moreover, Bell et al (2005) declare that physical settings both facilitate and constrains or limits the behaviour that occurs in it. Veitch and Arkkelin (1995) added that attitude towards an environment will influence a persons behaviours such as littering and attachment to the place. With environmental psychology being such a diverse field with many different aspects, the interactions between the four phenomenons (privacy, crowding, territoriality and personal space) help to address problems associated with environmental psychology. Gifford (1997) also states that environmental psychology is aimed at making buildings more humane and improving our relationship with the natural environment. 3. Privacy Privacy is an important phenomenon that each individual wants to achieve on a daily basis. There are many laws that have been established regarding individuals privacy, such as the right to privacy. Thus allowing individuals to have their own level of privacy. The level of privacy is measured in relation to the other social processes of environmental psychology namely; personal space, territoriality and crowding (Gifford 1997; Veitch and Arkkelin 1995, Bonnes et al 1995). In addition, according to Harris et al (1995) and Altman (1975) people use complex combinations of verbal, paraverbal, nonverbal and spatial mechanisms to attain a desired level of contact and degree of privacy. Faulkner et al (1994) state that the level of privacy is physical (sleeping, dressing) and psychological (for development and renewal). According to Demirbas and Demirkan (2000), the definition of privacy varies for each individual due to the different personal characteristics, cultural backgrounds, sex, age, economical, educational and social backgrounds. Ding (2008) defines privacy as the personal control over interactions and/or communications with others. However, Gritzalis et al (2009) state that privacy can generally be defined as the right to be left alone, meaning that it represents a sphere where it is possible to remain separate from others, anonymous and unobserved. Therefore, it is evident that privacy refers to the manner in which individuals control or regulate other individuals access to themselves. However privacy does not necessary mean withdrawing from people (Pederson, 1999; Marshall, 1972), instead it involves controlling the amount and type of contact one has with others. Gifford (1997) further declares that it is not easy to assess privacy because of its complex nature; as it has been measured in terms of preference, behaviour, need and expectation of each individual. Bonnes et al (1995) also state that the major interest of empirical research has been to study and measure the more strictly motivational and evaluative aspects such as; needs, expectations and values that individuals variously associate with privacy. Harris et al (1995) state that the universal aspects of privacy regulations are suggested by the apparent relationship between privacy, place attachment and quality of life. Cassidy (1997) pointed out that not everyone will react in the same way with regard to privacy. According to Altman (1975) and Westin (1970) there are certain characteristics that influence privacy such as: Individuals need for privacy is a continuing dynamic of changing internal and external conditions External and internal conditions are affected by privacy achieved Individuals effort to control privacy may be unsuccessful at some times Privacy can take different forms as it has many dimensions. 3.1 Types of privacy Demirbas and Demirkan (2000) also state that there are four types of privacy namely; solitude, reserve, anonymity and intimacy. Solitude refers to being alone and unobserved by others, which is either a neutral or desirable condition. Reserve, in turn, means that individuals form barriers between themselves and their environments which regulate intrusion. Anonymity is a type of privacy that gives individuals a chance to move around in a public environment without other people recognising them. Intimacy refers to an individuals aspiration to encourage close personal relationships with only preferred individuals. Additionally, Pederson (1999) identifies two more types of privacy; intimacy with family (being alone with family) and intimacy with friends (being alone with friends). According to Harris et al (1995) social functions of privacy and privacy regulation are central to psychological well-being. Privacy regulation refers to selective control over access to the self or to ones group (Altman 1975). Thus, making it clear that regulation of the types of privacy, mentioned above, is a function of both personal and situational factors. Personal factors refer to the individuals need for privacy, personal attractiveness, interpersonal skills, personality variables and ability to utilise privacy control mechanisms (Pederson, 1999). Situational factors may be social or physical. Social factors are presence, willingness and personal characteristics of others who have the potential for social interaction. Physical factors entail aspects such as barriers, location, layout and distances (Pederson, 1999). 3.2 Benefits and functions of privacy The psychological benefits of privacy reflect the function of privacy. Privacy supports social interaction which, in turn, affects our competence to deal with our world, which affects our self-definition (Altman, 1975). Therefore, the benefits of privacy arise from achieving its functions. According to Margulis (2005) the benefits of privacy are: Privacy is a basis for the development of identity, Privacy protects personal autonomy, Privacy supports healthy functioning by providing needed opportunities to relax, to ones self, to emotionally vent, to escape from the stresses of daily life, to manage bodily and sexual functions and to cope with loss, shock, and sorrow. However Keenan (2005) identifies other categories that capture the kinds of benefits privacy holds for people: Natural and psychological benefits: privacy provides physical, psychological and spiritual benefits to individuals. Individuals have certain needs, such as security and connectedness, that they want to satisfy, but invasion of privacy destroys ones sense of connectedness; Creative benefits: many people see privacy as conductive to creativity. Individuals have the need to have their own rooms where they are away from other people and regulate their privacy; Protective benefits: this refers to physical invasion of individuals sense of being safe and secure such as, the protection of ones home from burglary; Social benefits: individuals have the ability to regulate their own invasion of privacy and allow people they know or do not know to invade that privacy on a social basis; Democratic benefits: privacy is self-determining à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" each individual has the right to be left alone. According to Veitch snd Arkkelin (1995) the functions of privacy are: the achievement of a self-identity and the management of interactions between oneself and the social environment. According to Margulis (2005), privacy is important because it provides us with experiences that support normal psychological functioning, stable interpersonal relationships, and personal development. 3.3 Achieving privacy in design Individuals have a definite desire to a certain level of privacy in their homes. Privacy, in an architectural manner, can be defined as; the ability of individuals and families to lead their own lives without either interfering à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" or being interfered by the lives of others (Goodchild 1997). According to Faulkner et al (1994) a home provides privacy from outsiders with walls that protect the individual from physical, visual and various degrees of acoustical intrusion. Furthermore, Goodchild (1997) identifies three types of privacy in designing a house, whether in the house or outside the house: Firstly, privacy means circumventing problems with neighbours. Problems could arise when the layout of the resident and the type of housing is not correct such as; the walls of the enclosed area of each persons house are not high enough, which influences privacy. Secondly, privacy means a sense of seclusion. It means freedom from overlooking and freedom form invasive noise. This could be achieved by using noise insulation techniques and higher walls to increase space between neighbours. Thirdly, privacy means freedom from disturbance from other people, either guests or members of the same family, within the home. The level of privacy inside the home is determined by the number of different rooms in relation to the family size. Faulkner et al (1994) also states that the floor plan sets the privacy levels at which the home functions such as; open floor plan or closed floor plan. 3.4 Mechanisms of privacy Four aspects of privacy regulation mechanisms have been identified through data by Westin (1970) and Kent (1993). Firstly, privacy controls provide standards of behaviour for individuals and groups. Secondly, privacy creates an option between isolation and interaction, and can create the perception of being by yourself. Thirdly, individuals, groups, and societies tend to enter the privacy of others; curiosity is an example of this aspects. Fourthly, as society moves form primeval to contemporary, the physical and psychological opportunities for privacy increase. According to Bonnes et al (1995) and Altman (1975) personal space and territorial behaviour are used by individuals primarily to regulate privacy and to maintain their openness/closedness towards others at optimal levels. Additionally, Harris et al (1996) suggest that when individuals are confronted with negative privacy experiences, they will use a variety of privacy regulation mechanisms including verbal and nonverbal behaviours, cognitive, environmental, temporal and cultural mechanisms. Altman (1975) further suggests that the effectiveness and ease of implementing privacy regulation mechanisms may vary considerably across individuals and across social, physical and temporal context. Consequently, by combining these mechanisms individuals can efficiently express their needed level of privacy to others in order to attain the optimal level of privacy. Altman (1975) developed a framework for understanding the mechanisms of privacy regulation. This framework can be used as a summary of all of the above mentioned aspects of privacy (see figure 2). This figure indicates that privacy is a central concept that links the different phenomenons of environmental psychology (personal space, territoriality and crowding) with privacy regulation mechanisms. 4. Territoriality The phenomenon territoriality is extremely widespread in the field of environmental psychology since it consists of many different definitions. According to Gifford (1997) there are different variables that influence territoriality such as; dominance, conflict, security, claim staking, arousal, vigilance, behaviour and cognition to place. Gifford (1997) also states that a formal definition for territoriality is: is a pattern of behaviour and attitudes held by an individual or group that is based on perceived, attempted, or actual control of a definable physical space, object or idea that may involve habitual occupation, defense, personalisation and marking of it. However territoriality, according to Veitch and Arkkelin (1995) can be defined as: behaviour by which an organism characteristically lays claim to an area and defend it against intrusion by members of his or her own species. According to Altman (1975) territories exist to meet both physical and social needs, while being temporarily or permanently owned, controlled, marked or personalised and potentially defended by occupants or owners. On the other hand, territoriality comprises a specific set of affective, cognitive and behavioural tendencies expressed towards the territory (Altman 1975). Faulkner et al (1994) agrees with Altman (1975), however suggests that territory is a specifically defined area owned or controlled and personalised by defensive boundary markers such as fences, signs, nameplates, or sometimes behavioural cues as simple as a cold stare. Territoriality is linked to self-identity and works in relation to an individuals psychological well-being. According to Proshansky et al (1983) internal determinants of territorial behaviour are to maintain and achieve privacy. Faulkner et al (1994) declares that the concept of territoriality in humans is closely related to the attainment and protection of privacy. Privacy, in turn, releases individuals from various emotional strains and provides a place of evaluation of oneself. 4.1 Types of territoriality Gifford (1997), Veitch and Arkkelin (1995) and Fraine et al (2007) recognize two systems for classifying territorialities: the Altman system as well as the Lyman and Scott system. The Altman system à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a key attribute to this system is the degree of privacy, attachment or accessibility. Furthermore the system identifies three different types of territoriality. Primary territories: this refers to places that individuals own and which are controlled by them on a regular basis over a certain time and revolve around their everyday lives. Primary territories are seen as an extension of the self in terms of self-identity and self-esteem being related to the area. Additionally, Gifford (1997) states that the psychological importance of a primary territory to its occupant(s) is always high. Secondary territories: this type of territory is not that essential to individuals as the person does not have complete control over the environment and the duration of the occupancy is temporary. A persons desk at the office and a locker at school are examples of secondary territories. Public territories: this refers to areas where everyone has equal rights to use the specific area such as the sidewalk, public bathrooms. Gifford (1997) points out that public territory is open to all outsiders who are not specifically excluded. Fraine et al (2007) points out that primary territories is the most central and enduring, while public territories are the least. The Lyman and Scott system à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this system overlaps with the above mentioned system and in addition identified two more types of territoriality: 1) Interactional territories: this type refers to areas that are momentarily controlled by people who interact with each other such as; classrooms, offices or parks. 2) Body territories: this refers to the physical self as a territory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" sometimes bodies are entered with or without permission. With permission, is when an individual gives authorisation for someone to enter their bodily territory for instance, with surgery. Without permission, is when entering of bodily territory occurs without the individuals consent such as an attack. 4.2 Territorial behaviour Veitch and Arkkelin (1995) declare that one does not have to look hard to find compelling evidence of territorial behaviour in humans à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" witness for example, the prevalence of locks on doors, fences and NO TRESPASSING signs. Gifford (1997) identifies six types of behaviour humans portray in certain environments. Personalisation and Marking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this is a type of behaviour which occurs in many different settings such as; restaurants, games arcades and many more which individuals are not even aware of. Personalisation and marking can also be intentional at times such as; No intruding or No tracking. Aggression and Territorial defense à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Gifford (1997) states that territoriality and aggression go hand in hand. Aggression is a type of behaviour that arises under some circumstances such as the protection of ones home in the event of an intrusion or when territorial restrictions are unclear. Dominance and Control à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" dominance is related to the amount and value of territories every individual holds. Control refers to the influence on space, ideas and other aspects in those territories. According to Altman (1975) territorial behaviour must be considered more properly as a mechanism which regulates the borders of the self/other through the process of personalisation or demarcation of places of objects possessed by a person or a group. Consequently, this mechanism is useful for describing the more general process underlying the relationship between persons and the environmental space (Bonnes et al 1995). 4.3 Achieving territoriality in design Gifford (1997) states that territoriality should be analysed in each environment as it is a factor which results in preferring or not preferring an environment. Furthermore, the design of a particular space should try to diminish aggression, enhance control and encourage a sense of order and protection. According to Faulkner et al (1994) symbolic of our psychological identification with our place is our attitude of possessiveness and arrangement of personal objects and furnishings within it. 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